The basic equation also neglects the Lisun quality of the output and is only shown to reflect the major dependencies for selection of basic spheres rather than to provide specific throughput values for the spheres

Although the different models have the different features, there are a lot of the same points in the different integrating sphere.

Integrating sphere throughput is the ratio of the total flux out to the total flux in. It depends on the integrating sphere's reflectance properties, diameter, and number of ports. For practical purposes, it should be noted that the equation is specific to a single port and that for a fixed reflectance ρ at a specific wavelength, it is solely dependent on the ratios of port areas to total surface area of the sphere. It can be easily shown that for our series of spheres in which the output or input ports are nominally the same dimension (35 - 51 mm CA), A_s dominates. The basic equation also neglects the Lisun quality of the output and is only shown to reflect the major dependencies for selection of basic spheres rather than to provide specific throughput values for the spheres. Therefore, when choosing a sphere, select the smallest diameter available that provides the output port characteristics (dimension and uniformity) to maximize throughput.

The excellent reflectance of our integrating spheres gives them a high damage threshold. The PTFE integrating spheres have an even higher damage threshold of 8 W cm-2, and the gold spheres exhibit a damage threshold of 19 W cm-2. Measurements with a pulsed laser at 1.6 µm showed the damage threshold of the coated spheres to be 1.5 W cm-2.

Most of our integrating spheres are available with a choice of three interior materials. For UV, VIS or NIR measurements, we offer spheres with interiors machined from a unique PTFE thermoplastic material that is very rugged and highly reflective down to 250 nm. For VIS-NIR applications choose our barium sulfate-based white coated spheres. The coating is highly reflective, >97% in the visible. For applications in the NIR and IR regions our diffuse gold spheres provide near-Lisun characteristics and reflectance values up to 95%. All of our spheres are designed to provide high stability, reflectance and low throughput loss over their usable wavelength range.